009 and 0.342%. In this way, combined with chemometrics 1H HR-MAS NMR proved to be suitable for the qualitative and quantitative study of Passiflora biomarkers, using a minimal pre-treatment of the sample. V.Two new phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloid derivatives, named corybensines A and B (1 and 2), and four known alkaloids (3-6) were isolated from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens. Their structures were characterized by analysis of 1D/2D NMR and ECD data, quantum chemical ECD calculations, and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Among them, compound 2 represents the first naturally occurring phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloid derivative with a 2-pyrrolidinone moiety. The activity of the isolated compounds towards neuronal excitability was examined. V.Acteoside is an important bioactive natural product distributed in many plant species, composed of four moieties such as caffeic acid, glucose, rhamnose and phenylethyl alcohol, and possesses some bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuro-protective, anti-tumor and so on. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html However, acteoside content in medicinal plants is low, and acteoside stability is bad, so acteoside biosynthesis is a problem. Recent years, acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation and bio-production have been widely investigated, so many achievements have been made up to now. In this study, we reviewed current advances in both the elucidation and bio-production such as the putative methods and enzymatic determination of acteoside biosynthesis pathway, functional analyses of the roles of some candidate genes for verbascoside biosynthesis by transgenic technology, acteoside production via metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches and plant tissue culture. Moreover, we first established a combined putative acteoside biosynthesis pathway based on its recent studies in animals, plants and microbes. Meanwhile, we pointed out both problems to shortcomings, and highlighted its future development trend. These results will provide references for the complete elucidation of acteoside biosynthesis pathway and the improvement of acteoside content in medicinal plants and acteoside production via microbial and plant metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, and inform the readers critically of the latest developments of them. Agarwood is a resinous wood of Aquilaria species and has been used for various applications. Burning agarwood incense is a common practice in temples and homes in Asia. Kynam is widely regarded as high-quality agarwood in the market. Recently, cultivated grafting Kynam (CGK) has emerged as a new agarwood product in the market, which greatly affects the price of high grading Kynam agarwood. In this study, the morphology, ethanol extract content, and incense chemical profile of CGK was investigated and compared with those of wild Kynam (WK) and cultivated common agarwood (CCA). The incense smoke of CGK was analyzed by thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). The results showed that the heating of most incenses occurred below 200&nbsp;°C, and the mass-loss rate value of CGK was between those of WK and CCA. The HS-GC-MS analysis showed the chemical compounds of incense smoke of CGK at 40, 100, and 180&nbsp;°C, corresponding to the head, middle, and tail of the heating process, respectively. The results suggested that the sesquiterpenes compounds were the major contributors to the mysterious and elegant odoriferous character of agarwood incense. However, a peak area percentage analysis revealed a significant difference in the predominant compounds between CGK and WK, especially at lower temperatures. Therefore, it is not straightforward to substitute WK with CGK. The results are helpful for the study and usage of the new cultivated grafting Kynam agarwood and the development of the agarwood incense industry. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common and severe brain disease with a high mortality among the elders, but no highly efficient medications are currently available. For example, timosaponin BII, an efficient anti-AD agent, has low oral bioavailability. Here, timosaponin BII was formulated in a temperature/ion-sensitive in situ hydrogel (ISG) that was well transformed into gels in the nasal environment. Timosaponin BII protected the PC12 cells injured by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by decreasing TNF-α and IL-1β and stabilizing F-actin. Timosaponin BII ISGs were intranasally administered to the mice every day for 38&nbsp;days. On Day 36, LPS was injected to the mice to establish an AD model. Morris water maze experiments showed that the number of the animals that were able to cross the platform returned to normal and the total distance over which the animals moved in the open field also increased, which demonstrated that the spatial memory and spontaneous behavior were improved after treatment compared to the model. Moreover, an AD improver, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the brain, was reduced after treatment. High brain targeting effect of timosaponin BII ISGs was confirmed by in vivo fluorescence imaging. The nasal timosaponin BII dually sensitive ISGs can serve as a promising medication for local prevention of AD. In order to improve the immunogenicity of the highly purified vaccine antigens, addition of an adjuvant to formulation, without affecting the safety of the vaccine, has been the key aim of the vaccine formulators. In recent years, adjuvants which are composed of a delivery system and immunopotentiators have been preferred to induce potent immune responses. In this study, we have combined Salmonella Typhi porins and chitosan to develop a new adjuvant system to enhance the immunogenicity of the highly purified antigens. Cationic gels, microparticle (1.69&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.01&nbsp;μm) and nanoparticles (337.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.7&nbsp;nm) based on chitosan were prepared with high loading efficiency of porins. Cellular uptake was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the macrophage activation was investigated by measuring the surface marker as well as the cytokine release in vitro in J774A.1 macrophage murine cells. Porins alone were not taken up by the macrophage cells whereas in combination with chitosan a significant uptake was obtained.